Physiotherapy Specialty
Research & Evidence
Research methods, outcome measures, evidence summaries and critical appraisal.
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Cluster-Randomized Trials: Intracluster Correlation, Analysis and Reporting
Appraise trials that randomize clinics, schools or teams rather than individuals, including design effect, analysis and reporting essentials.
Intention-to-Treat vs Per-Protocol Analysis: What Each Estimate Can and Cannot Tell You
A practical interpretation guide for randomized trials covering allocation, adherence, missing data and post-randomization bias.
GRADE: Judging Certainty of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations
Separate confidence in an evidence estimate from recommendation strength, and understand how risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision and publication bias affect certainty.
Meta-Analysis Heterogeneity: I², Tau² and Prediction Intervals Explained
A practical, evidence-informed guide to meta-analysis heterogeneity: i², tau² and prediction intervals explained, with safety screening, clinical reasoning, intervention progression and outcome-based reassessment.
RoB 2: Risk of Bias Assessment for Randomized Trial Results
Apply Cochrane RoB 2 to a specific randomized-trial result, not to an entire paper.
MCID, MDC and Measurement Error: Interpreting Change in Rehabilitation Outcomes
A clinician-friendly guide to deciding whether a change in an outcome measure is real, important, both or neither.
Effect Size and Confidence Intervals: Reading Beyond the P Value
A clinical research guide to treatment-effect estimates, confidence intervals, precision and the difference between statistical significance and clinical importance.
PRISMA 2020: Reporting a Systematic Review Without Hiding the Methods
A practical guide to PRISMA 2020, the flow diagram, transparent reporting and the difference between reporting quality and methodological quality.
Diagnostic Accuracy: Sensitivity, Specificity and Likelihood Ratios in Physiotherapy
A practical guide to moving beyond positive-test-equals-diagnosis by using pre-test probability and likelihood ratios.
GRADE: How to Judge Certainty of Evidence Without Overclaiming Results
A practical guide to certainty ratings, imprecision, inconsistency and translating systematic-review findings into defensible clinical conclusions.
MCID vs MDC vs MIC: Meaningful Change and Measurement Error in Physiotherapy
Understand MCID vs MDC, minimal important change, and measurement error in physiotherapy outcome measures—with clinical examples explaining whether a score change is real, meaningful, both or neither.
RCT vs Observational Study: Design, Bias and What the Results Can Actually Tell You
A clinical research lesson on randomization, confounding, cohort and case-control designs, cross-sectional studies, risk of bias, causal claims and choosing the right design for the question.
CONSORT 2025: How to Critically Read and Report a Randomized Controlled Trial
A research-methods guide to randomization, allocation concealment, blinding, outcomes, harms, effect estimates and transparent RCT reporting using CONSORT 2025.